Diurnal variation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 at a roadside site in Xiamen, China

Intensive daytime and nighttime sampling was carried out from 23 Oct to 31 Dec 2008 to investigate the occurrence of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in PM₁₀ at a roadside site in Xiamen, China. At the same time, six PM₁₀ samples were collected from a nearby roadway tunnel for comparison. Six NPAHs, namely 9-nitroanthracene, 2-and 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1-nitropyrene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene, were identified and quantified using GC/MS in negative ion chemical ionization mode. The average total concentration of six NPAHs (∑NPAHs) in the cold season (26 Nov-31 Dec) was 2.3 (daytime) and 9.9 (nighttime) times higher than those in the warm season. Significant statistical difference (p < 0.01, 2-tailed) of ∑NPAHs between daytime and nighttime was found during both the warm and cold seasons. NPAHs were significantly positively correlated with their parent PAHs and nitrogen dioxide but negatively correlated with ambient temperature. The ratio of 2 + 3-nitrofluoranthene to 1-nitropyrene exhibited a similar diurnal pattern as ∑NPAHs and was generally greater than 5, indicating the importance of secondary atmospheric formation. The diurnal variations of NPAHs were all influenced by the diurnal variations of PAHs, nitrogen dioxide, sunlight, and temperature. The daily inhalable exposure to the six NPAHs in the tunnel was much higher than the roadside values in the warm season but only slightly higher than those in the cold season.     

北京及周边地区大气羰基化合物的时空分布特征初探

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）/HPLC方法,于2010年6月24日、7月22日、8月24日、9月14日（夏季）和2011年1月13日（冬季）,在北京及周边地区38个采样点组织5次同步观测,测定了大气中23种羰基化合物的浓度水平.观测结果表明,北京市各类站点夏季和冬季的总羰基化合物体积分数分别为（16.38±6.03）×10-9,（8.50±5.27）×10-9;周边城市夏季和冬季的体积分数分别为（13.19±5.71）×10-9,（13.05±2.44）×10-9.区域大气中最主要的羰基化合物是甲醛、乙醛和丙酮,三者约占总羰基化合物浓度的78%～91%.夏季羰基化合物的浓度水平明显高于冬季,并且上午09：00～12：00时段的浓度高于下午13：00～16：00时段的浓度.在空间分布上,北京市夏季羰基化合物的高值区主要集中在交通密集的主城区,而冬季受西北风影响呈现由西北向东南递增的趋势.夏季,机动车尾气对大气羰基化合物有显著的一次和二次贡献,同时在不利的气象条件影响下,造成城市地区羰基化合物的污染现象.冬季,大气羰基化合物以一次排放为主,燃煤和机动车可能是主要的污染源.     

城市污水A~2/O处理系统好氧池N_2O和NO的释放特征及影响因素

以某污水处理厂好氧曝气池为研究对象,利用N_2O和NO在线检测仪,监测好氧池不同空间位置处N_2O和NO的释放量,考察了氮素浓度、溶解氧及p H值对N_2O和NO释放量的影响.该污水处理厂好氧池DO浓度在0.24~1.12mg/L之间,且大多处于0.6mg/L左右,较低的DO导致NO2--N浓度沿水流推流方向不断积累;相应的,N_2O和NO释放量沿水流推流方向不断升高,并于好氧池末段达到最高值.NO释放NO2--N量与浓度显著正相关,N_2O释放量与NO2--N浓度也有一定的相关性,但没有NO显著.基于空间检测数据估算获得该污水处理厂N_2O释放量占进水NH_4+-N比例为6.34%~8.83%,NO释放量占进水NH4+-N比例为0.033%~0.034%.     

Individual variation in pheromone emission and termination patterns in female Anomala cuprea

Summary. Individual variations in pheromone emission patterns were examined in a scarab beetle, Anomala cuprea Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), by headspace collection of airborne volatiles from individual females. The amount of pheromone obtained varied among virgin females, and about 16% of these females (“silent” females) did not emit detectable amount of pheromone throughout the experimental period. There was no clear temporal pattern of peak pheromone emission for 19 days after the onset. More than half of the laboratory mated females completely stopped releasing pheromone after the first mating, while the rest of them continued releasing pheromone, frequently followed by additional mating. Received 26 March 2001; accepted 28 January 2002.     

三峡水库水位上升对香溪河流域典型滑坡的影响分析

在三峡水库蓄水后,香溪河流域众多滑坡出现变形失稳现象。白家堡滑坡、耿家坪滑坡、白马滩滑坡在蓄水后的变形特征各不相同。对库水位上升后3个滑坡的变形特征及其渗透性进行了比较研究,表明影响滑坡响应时间的主要因素是滑体的渗透性。以白家堡滑坡为例,利用摩根斯坦-普赖斯法,对不同c、值,进行75~175 m水位线的稳定性系数演算,发现各c、值不同水位线下稳定性系数曲线的变化规律有2种类型,即下降—平直型和下降—上升型,这种变化规律与浸水部位密切相关。     

辽东栎叶片气孔特征参数的时空变异

利用数码图像显微镜处理系统 ,对 2 0世纪 30年代至 80年代不同植被区域内辽东栎叶片气孔特征参数进行了较为系统的观测 ,明确了辽东栎叶片气孔特征参数的变化范围 ,并对其时空变异规律进行研究 .结果表明 ,从时间分布角度 ,由 30年代至 80年代 ,暖温带落叶阔叶林区域中气孔长度、面积变化呈上升趋势 ,而气孔宽度、密度呈下降趋势 ;亚热带常绿阔叶林区域中 4个气孔特征参数均逐年递增 ;青藏高原高寒植被区域中除气孔长度下降外 ,其它 3个气孔特征参数均逐年递增 .从空间分布角度 ,在由北部至南部再到西南部分布的暖温带落叶阔叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林至青藏高原高寒植被区域 ,30年代中 ,气孔长度、面积呈上升趋势 ,而气孔宽度、密度呈下降趋势 ;5 0年代中 ,不同植被类型区之间 ,除气孔密度差异较大外 ,其它 3个气孔特征参数差异均不明显 .图 1表 1参 9     

Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Controlling the Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations and Fluxes in a Large Tropical River, India

Carbon studies in tropical rivers have gained significance since it was realized that a significant chunk of anthropogenic CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere returns to the biosphere, that is eventually transported by the river and locked up in coastal sediments for a few thousand years. Carbon studies are also significant because dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is known to complex the toxic trace metals in the river and carry them in the dissolved form. For the first time, this work has made an attempt to study the variations in DOC concentrations in space and time for a period of 19 months, and estimate their fluxes in the largest peninsular Indian river, the Godavari at Rajahmundry. Anthropogenic influence on DOC concentrations possibly from the number of bathing ghats along the banks and domestic sewage discharge into the river are evident during the pre-monsoon of 2004 and 2005. The rise in DOC concentrations at the onset of monsoon could be due to the contributions from flood plains and soils from the river catchment. Spatial variations highlighted that the DOC concentrations in the river are affected more by the anthropogenic discharges in the downstream than in the upstream. The discharge weighted DOC concentrations in the Godavari river is 3–12 times lower than Ganga-Brahmaputra, Indus and major Chinese rivers. The total carbon fluxes from the Godavari into the Bay of Bengal is insignificant (0.5%) compared to the total carbon discharges by major rivers of the world into oceans.     

中国和美国地面臭氧污染对比分析

利用中国和美国地面臭氧(O_3)监测数据,从国家、区域、城市、站点多个层面对两国O_3污染的时间变化特征和空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:从全年角度,中国O_3污染集中在4—9月,2018年延长至3—10月;美国集中在4—8月。1980年以来,美国O_3浓度呈下降趋势;中国O_3浓度在2015—2018年呈上升趋势,与同时期美国O_3平均浓度水平相当,但O_3极值处于美国20世纪80年代污染水平,且中国站点年均O_3超标天数(22～36 d)约为美国站点(2～3 d)的9.2～12.9倍。中国O_3浓度高值区主要分布在京津冀、长三角、珠三角和四川盆地等地区,美国集中在加利福尼亚州(California)。京津冀和长三角地区2017—2018年O_3平均浓度水平高于加利福尼亚州,北京、上海和广州3个城市2015—2018年O_3平均浓度水平低于同时期的圣贝纳蒂诺(San Bernardino)和河滨(Riverside)。     

中国臭氧污染的空间分布和健康效应

基于2017年全国1365个监测站点的实时监测数据，运用空间数据统计模型揭示近地面臭氧（O₃）污染的时空分布格局，并利用BenMap工具在10km×10km空间网格尺度上估计O₃污染的健康损失和健康经济价值.结果表明，O₃浓度具有较强的季节性变化，呈倒"V"型变化趋势，在空间分布上呈现明显的集聚性，即高值或低值区域集中分布，具有较强的空间正相关性；通过O₃暴露系数模拟人群室内、室外O₃暴露情况，在统计意义上估计得到2017年O₃污染共计造成我国全因早逝人数98473例（95%置信区间：53419~143292），其中心血管疾病早逝风险约占45%，以不同学者估算得到的单位统计生命价值为基础，估计得到的健康经济损失在197~978亿元之间，约占2017年全国GDP的0.05%~0.26%.     

MODIS derived fire characteristics and aerosol optical depth variations during the agricultural residue burning season, north India

Agricultural residue burning is one of the major causes of greenhouse gas emissions and aerosols in the Indo-Ganges region. In this study, we characterize the fire intensity, seasonality, variability, fire radiative energy (FRE) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) variations during the agricultural residue burning season using MODIS data. Fire counts exhibited significant bi-modal activity, with peak occurrences during April-May and October-November corresponding to wheat and rice residue burning episodes. The FRE variations coincided with the amount of residues burnt. The mean AOD (2003-2008) was 0.60 with 0.87 (+1σ) and 0.32 (−1σ). The increased AOD during the winter coincided well with the fire counts during rice residue burning season. In contrast, the AOD-fire signal was weak during the summer wheat residue burning and attributed to dust and fossil fuel combustion. Our results highlight the need for ‘full accounting of GHG’s and aerosols’, for addressing the air quality in the study area.